Salamis Read online

  Dedication

  For Bill Massey, Laura Gerrard, Shelley Power,

  and all the copy editors and proofreaders

  who make these books work.

  Title Page

  Salamis

  Christian Cameron

  Contents

  Dedication

  Title Page

  Glossary

  General Note on Names and Personages

  Maps

  Prologue

  Part I

  Part II

  The Wedding

  Epilogue

  Historical Note

  Acknowledgements

  About the Author

  Also by Christian Cameron

  Copyright

  Glossary

  I am an amateur Greek scholar. My definitions are my own, but taken from the LSJ or Routledge’s Handbook of Greek Mythology or Smith’s Classical Dictionary. On some military issues I have the temerity to disagree with the received wisdom on the subject. Also check my website at www.hippeis.com for more information and some helpful pictures.

  Akinakes A Scythian short sword or long knife, also sometimes carried by Medes and Persians.

  Andron The ‘men’s room’ of a proper Greek house – where men have symposia. Recent research has cast real doubt as to the sexual exclusivity of the room, but the name sticks.

  Apobatai The Chariot Warriors. In many towns, towns that hadn’t used chariots in warfare for centuries, the Apobatai were the elite three hundred or so. In Athens, they competed in special events; in Thebes, they may have been the forerunners of the Sacred Band.

  Archon A city’s senior official or, in some cases, one of three or four. A magnate.

  Aspis The Greek hoplite’s shield (which is not called a hoplon!). The aspis is about a yard in ­diameter, is deeply dished (up to six inches deep) and should weigh between eight and sixteen pounds.

  Basileus An aristocratic title from a bygone era (at least in 500 BC) that means ‘king’ or ‘lord’.

  Bireme A warship rowed by two tiers of oars, as opposed to a trireme, which has three tiers.

  Chiton The standard tunic for most men, made by taking a single continuous piece of cloth and folding it in half, pinning the shoulders and open side. Can be made quite fitted by means of pleating. Often made of very fine quality material – usually wool, sometimes linen, especi­ally in the upper classes. A full chiton was ankle length for men and women.

  Chitoniskos A small chiton, ­usually just longer than modesty demanded – or not as long as modern modesty would demand! Worn by warriors and farmers, often heavily bloused and very full by warriors to pad their armour. Usually wool.

  Chlamys A short cloak made from a rectangle of cloth roughly 60 by 90 inches – could also be worn as a chiton if folded and pinned a different way. Or slept under as a blanket.

  Corslet/Thorax In 500 BC, the best corslets were made of bronze, mostly of the so-called ‘bell’ ­thorax variety. A few ­muscle corslets appear at the end of this period, gaining popularity into the 450s. Another style is the ‘white’ corslet, seen to appear just as the ­Persian Wars begin – re-enactors call this the ‘Tube and Yoke’ ­corslet, and some people call it ­(erroneously) the linothor­ax. Some of them may have been made of linen – we’ll never know – but the likelier material is Athen­ian leather, which was often tanned and finished with alum, thus being bright white. Yet another style was a tube and yoke of scale, which you can see the author wearing on his website. A scale corslet would have been the most expensive of all, and probably provided the best protection.

  Daidala Cithaeron, the mountain that towered over Plataea, was the site of a remarkable fire-­festival, the Daidala, which was cele­brated by the Plataeans on the summit of the mountain. In the usual ceremony, as mounted by the Plataeans in every ­seventh year, a wooden idol (daidalon) would be dressed in bridal robes and dragged on an ox-cart from Plataea to the top of the mountain, where it would be burned after appropriate rituals. Or, in the Great Daidala, which were cele­brated every forty-nine years, fourteen daidala from different Boeotian towns would be burned on a large wooden pyre heaped with brushwood, together with a cow and a bull that were sacrificed to Zeus and Hera. This huge pyre on the mountain top must have provided a most impressive spectacle; Pausanias remarks that he knew of no other flame that rose as high or could be seen from so far.

  The cultic legend that was offered to account for the festival ran as follows. When Hera had once quarrelled with Zeus, as she often did, she had withdrawn to her childhood home of ­Euboea and had refused ­every attempt at reconciliation. So Zeus sought the advice of the wisest man on earth, Cithaeron (the eponym of the mountain), who ruled at Plataea in the earliest times. Cithaeron advised him to make a wooden image of a woman, to veil it in the manner of a bride, and then to have it drawn along in an ox-cart after spreading the rumour that he was planning to marry the nymph ­Plataea, a daughter of the river god ­Asopus. When Hera rushed to the scene and tore away the veils, she was so relieved to find a wooden ­effigy rather than the expected bride that she at last consented to be reconciled with Zeus. (Routledge Handbook of Greek Mythology, pp. 137–8)

  Daimon Literally a spirit, the daimon of combat might be adrenaline, and the daimon of philosophy might simply be native intelligence. Suffice it to say that very intelligent men – like Socrates – believed that god-sent spirits could infuse a man and influence his actions.

  Daktyloi Literally digits or fingers, in common talk ‘inches’ in the system of measurement. Systems differed from city to city. I have taken the liberty of using just the Athenian units.

  Despoina Lady. A term of formal address.

  Diekplous A complex naval tactic about which some debate remains. In this book, the Diekplous, or through stroke, is commenced with an attack by the ramming ship’s bow (picture the two ships approaching bow to bow or head-on) and cathead on the enemy oars. Oars were the most vulnerable part of a fighting ship, something very difficult to imagine unless you’ve rowed in a big boat and understand how lethal your own oars can be – to you! After the attacker crushes the enemy’s oars, he passes, flank to flank, and then turns when astern, coming up easily (the defender is almost dead in the water) and ramming the enemy under the stern or counter as desired.

  Doru A spear, about ten feet long, with a bronze butt-spike.

  Eleutheria Freedom.

  Ephebe A young, free man of property. A young man in training to be a hoplite. Usually performing service to his city and, in ancient terms, at one of the two peaks of male beauty.

  Eromenos The ‘beloved’ in a same-sex pair in ancient Greece. Usually younger, about seventeen. This is a complex, almost dangerous subject in the modern world – were these pair-bonds about sex, or chivalric love, or just a ‘brotherhood’ of warriors? I suspect there were elements of all three. And to write about this period without discussing the eromenos/erastes bond would, I fear, be like putting all the warriors in steel armour instead of bronze . . .

  Erastes The ‘lover’ in a same-sex pair bond – the older man, a tried warrior, twenty-five to thirty years old.

  Eudaimonia Literally ‘well-­spirited’. A feeling of extreme joy.

  Exhedra The porch of the ­women’s quarters – in some cases, any porch over a farm’s central courtyard.

  Helots The ‘race of slaves’ of Ancient Sparta – the conquered peoples who lived with the Spartiates and did all of their work so that they could concentrate entirely on making war and more Spartans.

  Hetaira Literally a ‘female companion’. In ancient Athens, a hetaira was a courtesan, a highly skilled woman who provided sexual companionship
as well as fashion, political advice and music.

  Himation A very large piece of rich, often embroidered wool, worn as an outer garment by wealthy citizen women or as a sole garment by older men, especially those in authority.

  Hoplite A Greek upper-class warrior. Possession of a heavy spear, a helmet and an aspis (see above) and income above the marginal lowest free class were all required to serve as a hoplite. Although much is made of the ‘citizen soldier’ of ancient Greece, it would be fairer to compare hoplites to medieval knights than to Roman legionnaires or modern National Guardsmen. Poorer citizens did serve, and sometimes as hoplites or marines, but in general, the front ranks were the preserve of upper-class men who could afford the best training and the essential armour.

  Hoplitodromos The hoplite race, or race in armour. Two stades with an aspis on your shoulder, a helmet and greaves in the early runs. I’ve run this race in armour. It is no picnic.

  Hoplomachia A hoplite contest, or sparring match. Again, there is enormous debate as to when hoplomachia came into existence and how much training Greek hoplites received. One thing that they didn’t do is drill like modern soldiers – there’s no mention of it in all of Greek literature. However, they had highly evolved martial arts (see pankration) and it is almost certain that hoplomachia was a term that referred to ‘the martial art of fighting when fully equipped as a hoplite’.

  Hoplomachos A participant in hoplomachia.

  Hypaspist Literally ‘under the shield’. A squire or military servant – by the time of Arimnestos, the hypaspist was usually a younger man of the same class as the hoplite.

  Kithara A stringed instrument of some complexity, with a hollow body as a soundboard.

  Kline A couch.

  Kopis The heavy, back-curved sabre of the Greeks. Like a longer, heavier modern kukri or Gurkha knife.

  Kore A maiden or daughter.

  Kylix A wide, shallow, handled bowl for drinking wine.

  Logos Literally ‘word’. In pre-Socratic Greek philosophy the word is everything – the power beyond the gods.

  Longche A six to seven foot throwing spear, also used for hunting. A hoplite might carry a pair of longchai, or a single, longer and heavier doru.

  Machaira A heavy sword or long knife.

  Maenads The ‘raving ones’ – ecstatic female followers of Dionysus.

  Mastos A woman’s breast. A mastos cup is shaped like a woman’s breast with a rattle in the nipple – so when you drink, you lick the nipple and the rattle shows that you emptied the cup. I’ll leave the rest to imagination . . .

  Medimnos A grain measure. Very roughly – 35 to 100 pounds of grain.

  Megaron A style of building with a roofed porch.

  Navarch An admiral.

  Oikia The household – all the family and all the slaves, and sometimes the animals and the farmland itself.

  Opson Whatever spread, dip or accompaniment an ancient Greek had with bread.

  Pais A child.

  Palaestra The exercise sands of the gymnasium.

  Pankration The military martial art of the ancient Greeks – an unarmed combat system that bears more than a passing resemblance to modern MMA techniques, with a series of carefully structured blows and domination holds that is, by modern standards, very advanced. Also the basis of the Greek sword and spear-based martial arts. Kicking, punching, wrestling, grappling, on the ground and standing, were all permitted.

  Peplos A short overfold of cloth that women could wear as a hood or to cover the breasts.

  Phalanx The full military potential of a town; the actual, formed body of men before a battle (all of the smaller groups formed together made a phalanx). In this period, it would be a mistake to imagine a carefully drilled military machine.

  Phylarch A file-leader – an officer commanding the four to sixteen men standing behind him in the phalanx.

  Polemarch The war leader.

  Polis The city. The basis of all Greek political thought and expression, the government that was held to be more import­ant – a higher god – than any individual or even family. To this day, when we talk about politics, we’re talking about the ‘things of our city’.

  Porne A prostitute.

  Porpax The bronze or leather band that encloses the forearm on a Greek aspis.

  Psiloi Light infantrymen – usually slaves or adolescent freemen who, in this period, were not organised and seldom had any weapon beyond some rocks to throw.

  Pyrrhiche The ‘War Dance’. A line dance in armour done by all of the warriors, often very complex. There’s reason to believe that the Pyrrhiche was the method by which the young were trained in basic martial arts and by which ‘drill’ was inculcated.

  Pyxis A box, often circular, turned from wood or made of metal.

  Rhapsode A master-poet, often a performer who told epic works like the Iliad from memory.

  Satrap A Persian ruler of a province of the Persian Empire.

  Skeuophoros Literally a ‘shield carrier’, unlike the hypaspist, this is a slave or freed man who does camp work and carries the armour and baggage.

  Sparabara The large wicker shield of the Persian and Mede elite infantry. Also the name of those soldiers.

  Spolas Another name for a leather corslet, often used for the lion skin of Heracles.

  Stade A measure of distance. An Athenian stade is about 185 ­metres.

  Strategos In Athens, the commander of one of the ten military tribes. Elsewhere, any ­senior Greek officer – sometimes the commanding general.

  Synaspismos The closest order that hoplites could form – so close that the shields overlap, hence ‘shield on shield’.

  Taxis Any group but, in military terms, a company; I use it for 60 to 300 men.

  Thetes The lowest free class – citizens with limited rights.

  Thorax See corslet.

  Thugater Daughter. Look at the word carefully and you’ll see the ‘daughter’ in it . . .

  Triakonter A small rowed galley of thirty oars.

  Trierarch The captain of a ship – sometimes just the owner or builder, sometimes the fighting captain.

  Zone A belt, often just rope or finely wrought cord, but could be a heavy bronze kidney belt for war.

  General Note on Names and Personages

  This series is set in the very dawn of the so-called Classical Era, often measured from the Battle of Marathon (490 BC). Some, if not most, of the famous names of this era are characters in this series – and that’s not happenstance. Athens of this period is as magical, in many ways, as Tolkien’s Gondor, and even the quickest list of artists, poets, and soldiers of this era reads like a ‘who’s who’ of western civilization. Nor is the author tossing them together by happenstance – these people were almost all aristocrats, men (and women) who knew each other well – and might be adversaries or friends in need. Names in bold are historical characters – yes, even Arimnestos – and you can get a glimpse into their lives by looking at Wikipedia or Britannica online. For more in-depth information, I recommend Plutarch and Herodotus, to whom I owe a great deal.

  Arimnestos of Plataea may – just may – have been Herodotus’s source for the events of the Persian Wars. The careful reader will note that Herodotus himself – a scribe from Halicarnassus – appears several times . . .

  Archilogos – Ephesian, son of Hipponax the poet; a typical Ionian aristocrat, who loves Persian culture and Greek culture too, who serves his city, not some cause of ‘Greece’ or ‘Hellas’, and who finds the rule of the Great King fairer and more ‘democratic’ than the rule of a Greek tyrant.

  Arimnestos – Child of Chalkeotechnes and Euthalia.

  Aristagoras – Son of Molpagoras, nephew of Histiaeus. Aristagoras led Miletus while Histiaeus was a virtual prisoner of the Great King Darius at Susa. Aristagoras seems to have initiated the Ionian Revolt – and later to hav
e regretted it.

  Aristides – Son of Lysimachus, lived roughly 525–468 BC, known later in life as ‘The Just’. Perhaps best known as one of the commanders at Marathon. Usually sided with the Aristocratic party.

  Artaphernes – Brother of Darius, Great King of Persia, and Satrap of Sardis. A senior Persian with powerful connections.

  Behon – A Kelt from Alba; a fisherman and former slave.

  Bion – A slave name, meaning ‘life’. The most loyal family retainer of the Corvaxae.

  Briseis – Daughter of Hipponax, sister of Archilogos.

  Calchus – A former warrior, now the keeper of the shrine of the Plataean Hero of Troy, Leitus.

  Chalkeotechnes – The Smith of Plataea; head of the family Corvaxae, who claim descent from Herakles.

  Chalkidis – Brother of Arimnestos, son of Chalkeotechnes.

  Cimon – Son of Miltiades, a professional soldier, sometime pirate, and Athenian aristocrat.

  Cleisthenes – A noble Athenian of the Alcmaeonid family. He is credited with reforming the constitution of ancient Athens and setting it on a democratic footing in 508/7 BC.

  Collam – A Gallic lord in the Central Massif at the headwaters of the Seine.

  Dano of Croton – Daughter of the philosopher and mathematician Pythagoras.

  Darius – King of Kings, the lord of the Persian Empire, brother to Artaphernes.

  Doola – Numidian ex-slave.

  Draco – Wheelwright and wagon builder of Plataea, a leading man of the town.

  Empedocles – A priest of Hephaestus, the Smith God.

  Epaphroditos – A warrior, an aristocrat of Lesbos.

  Eualcides – A Hero. Eualcides is typical of a class of aristocratic men – professional warriors, adventurers, occasionally pirates or merchants by turns. From Euboea.

  Heraclitus – c.535–475 BC. One of the ancient world’s most famous philosophers. Born to an aristocratic family, he chose philosophy over political power. Perhaps most famous for his statement about time: ‘You cannot step twice into the same river’. His belief that ‘strife is justice’ and other similar sayings which you’ll find scattered through these pages made him a favourite with Nietzsche. His works, mostly now lost, probably established the later philosophy of Stoicism.